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IPod is a line of convenient media players formed and advertised by Apple and premeditated by Jonathan Ive announced and released in the year 2001. The product line-up presently consists of the solid drive based iPod Classic, the compact iPod Nano, the touchscreen iPod Touch, and the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle. IPod Classic models stock up media on an interior hard drive, while all other reproduction employ flash memory to facilitate their slighter size. With several other digital music companies, iPods is also capable of serving external data storage devices.

IPod is a high definition transferable media player by the Apple. It can be used as a storage device carrying all your favourite songs. They are basically divided in to three categories Classic, Shuffle and Touch and the data saved can further be transferred to any of the system using some explicit software. Furthermore you can enjoy fun packed games too with this amazing tool. The ipods that are being used most widely counts Apple iPod shuffle second generation 1GB, Apple iPod mini Amband, 2 GB shuffle MP3 player and a lot more.

The recently launched new Apple iPod nano is a multi-touch display music player. The Multi touch display allows you to tap the song for selecting and even arranging songs with a single touch, just swipe the Home screen for browsing your music. In addition to that it has also got an Amazing Genius button, just press that and it will generate a genius playlist holding songs identical the one you're presently listening.

Some of latest ipods have also got the facility of in built FM radio feature live-pause. You have the liberty to listen non-stop music with the in-built rechargeable lithium-ion battery that offers you the facility of 24 hours non-stop music. Different ipods have different storage capacity 4GB, 8GB, 16GB etc. The next striking thing you will get to notice is that changing track by shaking the device, the moment you shake up your phone it shuffles to a different song within the music library. Apple iPod coming up with some really advanced technologies Nano Price in India are the best ipod manufacturers and the best part is they have their prices quite low. You will always find Apple iPod prices in India appealing and attractive. Ipods price in India are really surprising and unexpected, there have been number of reviews going in the favor of this convention.

Moreover you can enjoy fun filled games too with this device. The most widely used ones are Apple iPod shuffle second generation 1GB, 2 GB shuffle MP3 player, Apple iPod mini Amband and many more.





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由 Blogger 於 5/11/2012 05:45:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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Can Music be a cure?

Music for Healing and Inspiration, It might not sound so alien a concept when you already know that certain musical compositions are firm favourites of yours. Some pieces of music make you feel good in any of a number of ways. Some musical compositions you may find very relaxing and yet others invigorating.

The 1812 Overture by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is a very empowering piece that fills the listener with pride and vigour, similarly Wagners Ride Of The Valkyries evokes feelings of resoluteness and determination in the listener. Its fair to say that both pieces, in todays parlance are pretty much in your face.

At the other end of the scale are some incredibly relaxing and dreamy pieces like the Aquarium by Camille Saint-Saens or the incredibly haunting Any other Name by Thomas Newman.

These are just a very few examples and doubtless many more will spring to the readers mind.

Alpharabius discussed how music was therapeutic to the soul in his work Meanings of the Intellect back in the 10th Century while Robert Burton affirmed that Music played a critical role in the treatment of psychological disorders in the 17th Century.

Increasingly the use of musical tones is being turned to as a form of therapy. Here then are just a few methods in which music and tones are used in healing and inspiration.

Binaural tones:

Binaural tones also called Binaural beats was first discovered by Heinrich Willhelm in 1839 and involves the playing of two different tones in stereo headphones, One tone is played into the left ear while the other is played into the right ear. The effects of this are thought to produce a specific healing effect depending upon the tones being used.

Binaural beats are often included in meditative music to assist the listener in relaxing.

Solfeggio Frequencies:

Solfeggio frequencies are a set of Six ancient tones that feature in monastic chants. These frequencies or tones when sung in harmony are thought to create a great spiritual blessing for the listener. They are thought to reach deep into the subconscious and create healing from the inside out.

Isochronic tones:

Isochronic tones are musical compositions that contain a regular beat of a single frequency. These beats are quiet powerful in their ability to alter states of consciousness as they can often be found in regular drum beats. Drum Beats have been used by Native American Indians, Aborigines, British Neolithic Peoples, Shamans and Druids to enter hypnotic states.

Royal Rife Frequencies:

Doctor Royal Raymond Rife (born May 16, 1888 died August 5, 1971) claimed that specific frequencys were effective at destroying or at the very least disrupting the life cycle of pathogens. He produced an entire list of conditions and the frequencies that should be used to remedy them.

Here is Dr Rifes original list of conditions and their corresponding healing frequencies:

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In conclusion, music does make you feel good, we all knew that. What we may not have known is that music can make us feel good in more ways than that are first apparent.





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由 Blogger 於 5/10/2012 11:04:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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Finding very good sites for ipod MP3 downloads is not always easy. Many sites just don't have the selection of music that would fulfill your needs. People have been downloading music to their Ipods for years and the number of sites for ipod MP3 downloads keeps on growing.

If you have been searching for ipod MP3 downloads and ways to get them there are many choices. With Ipod music downloads, there are more ways you can enjoy your ipod. You can listen to songs, watch movies, download pictures, play pod casts, and much more. Downloading music can bring hours of enjoyment and fun while traveling, relaxing or even while waiting for an appointment at the doctors office.

Some sites charge up to two dollars or more per ipod MP3 download. This can get quite expensive. I recommend you find a site that offers a one-time membership fee. These sites usually have unlimited downloads for life with a premium membership. This is almost like getting free ipod music. There are many sites out there to choose from. I have placed a banner and a link at the top of my site for the top rated site for ipod MP3 downloads. Or, Click here

Most ipods come with a 2.5-inch screen for you to view. This works great using a small head set for sound. It is not bulky and you can watch your movie or music video from just about anywhere. Most sites will even offer your favorite TV programs from the major networks.

One of the coolest things that the ipod videos downloads can bring you is the option to download music videos. Now you can listen to your favorite music and watch the music video at the same time. The site at the top of my site offers over 100 million ipod movies, music videos, as well as MP3 downloads. This gives you a lot to choose from.

The ipod site most recommended, is one were you can do all of your downloading for music, music videos, and ipod movie downloads. Their database has over 100 million movies songs and music videos to download and choose from. You can store the downloads on your pc and save them. Then I would recommend you upload different selections to your ipod as needed. Give yourself a change of pace from time to time.

Once your ipod music, movies, and music videos are downloaded to your pc, you can make DVD's and CD's or watch them from your computer or TV. You'll need software and hardware to do this. In order to create your DVD, you'll need to have a DVD burner on your pc. To watch either videos or play music you can choose from many different players on your pc. I recommend either windows media player or real player. They both work quite well.

This will give you the advantage to preview the ipod music and movies before you download them to your ipod. With over 100 million videos and songs to choose from you can have them with you now on your laptop and ipod. The ipod is an easy way to quickly watch and listen without all of the bulk of a laptop. If you haven't found a quality site, I highly recommend the unlimited ipod movie downloads site link at the top of my website.

When you find a good site like the one I have reviewed you can have all the ipod MP3 downloads at your finger tips for years to come with out spending money over and over again.

Please visit some of my sites Ipod Mp3 Downloads and Ipod Mp3 Music





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由 Blogger 於 5/09/2012 04:42:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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In Brooklyn, the 2011 Summer Series will feature more than 200 new films, all screened outdoors, in front of big audiences in the parks, on boats, and on rooftops. The festival screens comedies, dramas, experimental shorts, animation, videos, short and feature documentaries, political films, and home movies and found footage, as well as many of the new independent narrative feature films. Live bands at free music events are scheduled during the series which runs until September 30.

The Festival of Animated Film in Stuttgart hosts directors, production companies, distributors and international sales companies to present their animated films in this competitive festival, now in its 18th year. Artistic animation films and the support of budding talents represent the core of the festival. Prize money of more than 50,000 Euros in total will be awarded in the various competitive programs. The combination of the Festival of Animated Film, the Animation Production Day and FMX, the conference on Animation. Effects, Games and Interactive Media, has established the event as an opportunity for financing and developing animation projects. For Festival goers, entry to any events in the Festival Garden is free through May 8.

Black International Cinema Berlin, May 4-8, originated from the Black Cultural Festival, which was produced and directed by Fountainhead(R) Tanz Theatre in 1986 for the first time in Europe. The present-day event in Berlin, presents the contributions of Black people to world culture through film, theater, dance, music, workshops and seminars, and pays homage to legendary tap dancer, Carnell Lyons. The festival focuses on presenting works of an artistic, cultural or political nature coinciding with the general educational, social, artistic and economic interest of people from Africa, and/or the African Diaspora.

This year's Los Angeles Showbiz Expo -- an annual industry event happening on both coasts -- that brings together everyone who works in Film, Video, TV, Theatre, Fashion and Live Events, will be happening this year from May 6-7. To attend the auditions at ShowBiz Expo, please register to attend ShowBiz Expo. If you do not pre-register by the cut-off date and would still like to attend the auditions, you may do so by proceeding to the audition area without a ShowBiz Expo badge although pre-registrations will receive priority.

NARM advances the promotion, marketing, distribution, and sale of music and entertainment by providing its members with a forum for meeting and networking opportunities, information, advocacy and education to support their businesses. At this year's NARM Convention in Los Angeles, May 9-12, a NARM/A2IM Music Business Crash Course will be given on May 9 and May 10. The course features educational presentations and panel discussions focused on the independent sector, and directed to independent music labels, artists, technology companies and students, to remain current in the transforming music economy. The National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM) is a not-for-profit trade association, and since 1958 has served the music and entertainment content delivery community.

Streaming Media, New York, is the annual gathering of online video professionals that offers the opportunity to get hands-on time with new products, check out new streaming devices, and network with industry experts, colleagues, and associates. New for 2011 is a fourth track devoted to HTML5. The HTML5 video "conference-within-a-conference" track will run the full two days from May 10-11 of the conference. Topics will include encoding to HTML5, encoding for Apple iOS devices, advertising and HTML5, how-to build an HTML5 player, and HTML5 standards. There will also be the unveiling of a new broadband device called Pavilion.

At Cannes Film Festival, short films are prominently represented at the Competition, such as when the short films Jury awards a Palme d'or, and at the Short Film Corner, a professional area for meeting people, exchanging ideas and promoting films. A number of initiatives aimed at supporting the talent of the future have already been introduced: the Camera d'Or is awarded to the best film presented either in the Official Selection, during Directors' Fortnight or during the Semaine de la Critique. The Cinefondation, which serves to showcase new trends in the film industry, screens films from film schools as part of the Official Selection, as well as organising the Residence and the Atelier. This year, the opening film will be released in cinemas in France on the same day as its screening at Cannes and the opening ceremony will be broadcast in cinemas enabling audiences to experience the Festival launch night live. The Cinema de la Plage, an outdoor cinema, screens a differen t film each night, and since 2010 even the occasional world preview from its theme-based programme.

The International Film festival and Environment Ciudad de Zaragoza has a focused directive to show, support and promote films made in the world on the environment. EcoZine aims to promote, show and award prizes to audiovisual fiction, animation and/or documentaries with environmental themes produced anywhere in the world, and also to promote actions and audiovisual events related to the Environment. The Festival based in Zaragoza runs from May 13-21.

BMI will honor David Foster as a BMI Icon on May 17 at its 59th Annual Pop Awards in Beverly Hills. The invitation-only event will also honor the songwriters and publishers of the past year's most-performed pop songs in the United States. Foster was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2010. The evening will include an all-star musical tribute to Foster, as well as the presentation of the Pop Songwriter, Song, and Publisher of the Year crystals.

The Jazz Foundation presents its annual "A Great Night in Harlem" gala concert, May 19 in New York, benefiting the Jazz Musicians Emergency Fund. This evening will raise money to assist the elder jazz and blues musicians in crisis across the country, artists who have spent their lives being passionately devoted to their music while creating enjoyment for listening audiences. Presently on the agenda, performances by Macy Gray, Roberta Flack, Dr. John, Lou Reed, Christian McBride, Hot 8 Brass Band are slated, with more to be announced. Post-concert supper, club gala, and the VIP After-Party jam session with musicians are featured activities. The 2011 Gala Honoree is Michael Novogratz.

Artists collective, The Urban Individualists, and their artist affiliates, open a New York show with music themed, and music inspired artworks paying tribute and homage to musician and composer Gerry Eastman and The Williamsburg Music Center he founded in 1981. WMC exists to foster the creation, performance and appreciation of American Classic Music. It is a black-owned and operated non-profit jazz institution offering classes and workshops in jazz performance and history. This exhibit will formally open on May 20 with a reception and will be accompanied with live music provided by Gerry Eastman's band. This is an Urban Individualists Event curated by Helene Ruiz, co-curated by Jakulo Cooper, in collaboration with WMC.

"Gaming: A Dominant Force In Entertainment, What's Next?" is the theme to be addressed at a panel on May 20 that will ponder the entertainment software industry's growth of roughly 1300% since the year 2000, and how Gaming is now beginning to push boundaries in other fields outside of entertainment such as social networking, health, education, and even science. The group of experienced gaming professionals assembling in Boulder will tackle the future role of video games in the entertainment industry. Panelists will discuss their personal history in the industry as well as rising trends and new applications for gaming.

The 2011 Billboard Music Awards will air on ABC live from Las Vegas on May 22, in partnership with the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority. The awards will reflect Billboard's chart rankings based on key fan interactions with music, including album, single and digital sales, touring, streaming and social interactions on MySpace, Facebook and other popular online destinations for music. The awards will be based on the reporting period of February 28, 2010 through March 1, 2011. Top artists will be recognized in a variety of genres, including R&B, Rap, Pop, Country, Rock, Latin and Alternative.

The 56th Annual Drama Desk Awards will be held at a gala sit-down dinner in New York, on May 23. The Drama Desk Awards which were established in 1955 and are given annually in a number of categories, recognize excellence in the commercial and not-for-profit sectors of New York theatre. It is the only theatre award for which production on Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off Broadway compete within the same categories. This year's Awards show adds new features including a live orchestra, performances from nominated musicals, and a one hour primetime special which will air one week later on the Ovation Network. Festivities opens with a Black-Tie VIP Cocktail Reception, VIP After Party Ticket with Premium open bar and dessert stations. Harvey Fierstein is host of this year's awards.

The Amsterdam Film Festival contains a mix of art and expression seeking to reflect the character of the host city. Honoring films from over 90 countries around the world, the 2011 Amsterdam Film Festival will award and recognize feature films, short films, documentaries, student films, animation, music videos and screenplays. The festival accepts submissions of all types and encourages individuality and experimentation. The Festival, running May 31 to June 1, recognizes excellence in filmmaking in the categories with the organization's Van Gogh Awards.

The above events are only a sample of what is fully listed. Complete details are on the "Media, Entertainment and Performing Arts Industry News and Events" page which now has a language translation button to convert page contents into most widely used languages. A look ahead into June event dates will help you prepare for: Cine Gear Expo 2011, in Hollywood, Produced By Conference, in Orlando; The Aruba International Film FestivalSanta Cruz, Aruba, in Santa Cruz, Banff World Television FestivalBanff, Alberta, in Alberta, AFI/Discovery Channel SILVERDOCS Documentary Festiva, in Silver Spring, to provide only a small sample of upcoming events in advance. Also to alert viewers, a site revamp and redesign of The Actor's Checklist is close at hand, with new interactive features, tools and resources to aid members, so please stay tuned.





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由 Blogger 於 5/08/2012 09:15:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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NEWS-SEEKING PATTERNS OF ACADEMICIANS AND ADMINISTRATORS OF ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

BY MALIK TARIQ MALIK

INTRODUCTION

Media play a major role in the lives of people all over the world in this global age. Print media is more worthy and trustful source of information in Pakistan. In the Pakistan the readership of daily newspapers is higher.

The researcher of this study is interested in investigating news-seeking patterns of both the communities i.e. academicians as well as administrators in the areas of national and international affairs, politics, education, economic, health, sports etc. Nobody reads the whole newspaper but he or she tries to look for the news they are interested in. They get and update their knowledge and information about their particular field of interest. Some of the readers read only political news; others may go to economy page as well because they want to invest their money and are interested in k nowing a countrys political and economic situation. Proper economic and politics condition is a motivating factor for investors to make investment. Some other readers are getting only information on education and health.

NEWS CONCEPT

Man can subsist without newspaper but no newspaper can subsist without news. News is a regular part of life. Definition of News is not an easy task. News is a simple word easily understood by those who deal with it. In a way it is one of the most complex words in our vocabulary, for it is endless in variety. Although most of the definitions are familiar by now yet News is certainly more than the Webster definition that is a report of recent events, fresh information concerning something that has recently taken place.

News is recent events and happening, especially those that are unusual or notable. According to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary a report of any recent event or situation and as the report of events pub lished in a newspaper or information about current events printed in newspapers or broadcast by the media is called news. Therefore, according to this definition, news is what happens and what people feel, think, say and do. So, that news consists chiefly of unpublished reports of those activities of people which interest, inform, educate or entertain the public.

News is infact a communication between human beings. From the earliest period of human civilization, when people started exchanging ideas, the information or ideas started flowing from one person to another. With the organisation and development of the society, the transfer of ideas and information also increased and the process became more accurate and scientific.

IMPORTANCE OF NEWS

News to define its meaning is information provided to the public about the world around them. This information is important to them because equipped with the latest information about an issue; the publ ic is able to decide their course of action. News is the accurate, timely and to the point report of an event. It is not the event itself, but the description of the event by a reporter. The importance of news has increased rapidly. It is the newspaper where we can find the news in more detail, and can be preserved and retained for any period of time. Today the press has become a social instrument, whether it wishes to be or not. As a social instrument, the newspaper finds place permanently in thousand of homes, and thus influences every member of the family indirectly.

PRINT MEDIA

Newspaper, publication usually issued on a daily or weekly basis, the main function of which to report news. Many newspapers furnish special information to readers, such as weather reports, television schedules, and listings of stock prices. They provide commentary on politics, economics, and arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features, such as comics and c rossword puzzles. In nearly all cases and in varying degrees, newspapers depend on commercial advertising for their income.

Like division of media in Pakistan, people also enjoy both the urban and rural culture. It is very much obvious in Pakistan that national newspapers have their own monopoly. Print media is more worthy and trustful source of information in Pakistan as compared to Television which is in tight control of government. The reason may be to buy a newspaper is cheaper than to have a television set in home, and secondly people can see more news as compared to television bulletin. A newspaper is universally expected to perform four functions, in a democratic society.

? It must collect and disseminate objectively the days news.
? It must interpret and explain news in order to assist the readers in forming intelligent opinions.
? It must guide public opinion after presenting impartially both sides of every issue and point out the wa y to the greatest good for the greatest number. Thus essentially a newspaper is an institution of society aiming at public welfare.
? It should perform the duty of entertaining to the public.

However, there is another side to the picture, too vital to be ignored. A newspaper is a commercial enterprise that naturally seeks profit. For that it has to mould itself in such a way that it could be an acceptable commodity for a large number of people sufficient for its sustenance. Thus a newspaper in order to survive has to strike a balance between its position as an institution of society and as a commercial enterprise.

HISTORY OF NEWSPAPER

Like all other human fields of improvement, newspapers also had a systematic, slow but steady growth. Mehdi Hassan and Dr. Abdus Salam wrote in their book Journalism for All (1988, p. 6780). According to Mehdi and Salam news was started in early 60 B.C. the history of the modern press is closely linked up with the invention of printing and the printing press. According to S. Natarjan; the art of printing from negative reliefs was known in China around 594 A.D., and from there spread along the caraven routes to the west where taking impressions from wooden blocks became quite common. In 1768, William Bolts was deported from Calcutta to Madras enroot to Europe, because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. James Augustus Hickys, at any rate, was the proprietor of the Bengal Gazette, or Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper to be published in India. The first issue appeared on Saturday, January 29, 1780, announcing itself as a weekly political and commercial paper open to all parties but influenced by none, Much of its pages were devoted to advertisements. It was a two sheet paper, about 12 inches by 8 inches, with three columns printed on both sides. Warren Hastings, in which the pioneer journalist of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent scored some success, it was finally crushed.

However, in recent years the standard of newspaper, which could survive in existing circumstances, has considerably improved both content wise and in appearance. Especially the Urdu newspapers have changed altogether and can now be compared with any advanced newspaper.

This was a bulletin Printing, name used for several processes by which words, pictures, or designs are reproduced on paper, fabrics, metal, or other suitable materials. These processes, sometimes called the graphic arts, consist essentially of making numerous identical reproductions of an original by mechanical means, and the printed book has thus been called the first mass product.

Before the invention of printing machines, people spread news by word of mouth, written letters, or public notices. As more people learned to read and write, news reports gained added reliability. Newspaper publishers estimate that nearly six out of ten adults in the United States and Canada read a newspaper every day, and seven out of ten read a paper each weekend. By the time they see a newspaper; most people have already learned about breaking news stories on television or radio. Readers rely on newspapers to provide detailed background information and analysis, which television and radio newscasts rarely offer. Newspapers not only inform readers that an event happened but also help readers understand what led up to the event and how it will affect the world around them.

Newspapers trace their roots to handwritten news sheets posted daily in the public marketplaces of ancient Rome. The first printed newspapers appeared in China during the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907). These newspapers were printed from carved wood blocks. Precursors to modern papers first appeared in Venice, Italy, in the middle of the 14th century. Newspapers as known today, complete with advertising and a mixture of political, economic, and social news and commentary, e merged in Britain in the mid-18th century.

In modern times, newspapers that share a similar structure and function are published all over the world. This global press traces its origin to British papers of the 18th century. Though threatened by censorship in the years proceeding, during, and following the world wars, the global press maintained the tradition of freedom of the press first established in London.

Newspapers clearly state the journalistic salience of an item through its page placement, headline and length. In short we say that mass communication and newspapers is a process through which the social reality is transmitted. Newspaper, publication usually issued on a daily or weekly basis, the main function of which is to report news. Many newspapers also furnish special information to readers, such as weather reports, television schedules, and listings of stock prices. They provide commentary on politics, economics, and arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features, such as comics and crossword puzzles. In nearly all cases and in varying degrees, newspapers depend on commercial advertising for their income.

HISTORY OF SUB-CONTINENT NEWSPAPERS

Like all other human fields of improvement, newspapers also had a systematic, slow but steady growth. A short history of the press as it began in early times can help us in understanding the dimensions of its growth. The history of the modern press is closely linked up with the invention of printing and the printing press.

The institute of newsletters came much later. Dr. Abdus Salam Khurshid pioneering work on Newsletters in the Orient throw light on the origin of newsletters in the sub-continent. It was the Ghaznavide Muslim rulers who are said to have introduced the system in India towards the end of the 10th century. The newsletters played the major role in satisfying this quest for news and moulding public opinion before the printed newspapers became a reality.

Bengal, a part of which is now Bengla Desh, was the forerunner in modern journalism in the whole of the sub-continent. It was in Bengal that the first newspapers in India made there appearance and then the seeds of awakening were spread over the length and breadth of the rest of the country, beginning of course, with some pockets of British colonies such as Madras and Bombay. Since, modern newspapers in India had their origin in the needs of the small but growing European colonies sprinkled over the capitals of the presidency towns.

Journalism in those days was hardly considered a profession for decent men. The government of Bengal, under the Company rule, once contemplated the publication of a newspaper of their own so that, among other things, they may put out of existence and needy indolence a few European adventures who were found unfit to be emerged in any creditable method of subsistence. It is stated abou t C. H. Clay, the editor of the Madras Courier, that he had the entry of good society, because he was clerk of the Chief Justice. In 1768, William Bolts was deported from Calcutta to Madras enrooted to Europe, because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. In 1780, James Augustus Hickys weekly political and commercial paper open to all parties but influenced by none, the Bengal Gazette, or the Hicky Gazette as it was popular and known, was refused transmission through the post office, and, after a historical struggle with Warren Hastings, in which the pioneer journalist of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent scored some success, it was finally cursed. William Duan of the Bengal Journal, was expelled from India, went to America and established himself as a newspaperman. Almost from its birth, the all absorbing interest of the Indian press had been politics. James Augustus Hickey started the Bengal Gazette in 1780; some eighty years after the first daily newspaper in England had commenced publication.

Even before Indian editors used their pens to fight for the freedom of their homeland, there was a strong political flavour to the press and very soon censorship of one kind or another was enforced, even though the people on whom it was imposed belonged to the ruling race. Editors in madras and Bombay soon followed their Calcutta forerunner into trouble with authority, which then of course was the company, very jealous of its position and highly intolerant of criticism by what were regarded as outsiders.

James Augustus Hickey, at any rate, was the proprietor of the Bangal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper to be published in India. The first issue appeared on Saturday, January 29, 1780, announcing itself as a weekly and commercial paper, open to all parties, but succeed by none, many of its pages were devoted It was a two sheet paper, about 12 inches by 8 inches, with three columns printed on both sid es. The second newspaper to be started in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent was The Indian Gazette or Calcutta Public Advertiser published in 18th century. This was launched by Mr. P. Reed and Mr. B. Messink in November 1780.

The contents of the press in the 18th century reveal the influence of James Augustus Hickey. Foreign news, parliamentary debates of England, extracts from English newspapers, social news, letters to the editors and poets corners furnished most of the reading material. The second stage of Indian journalism started when the Baptist missionaries at Serampur, a Dutch settlement, started bringing out a monthly magazine in Bengali, the first of its kind to be published in a native language. The Friend of India a monthly periodical was also launched by the Serampur missionaries in April, 1818.

The first Indian-owned newspapers did not come out till the beginning of the 19th century. These newspapers were brought out to counteract the Engl ish and missionary influence on the local population. It is significant to note, therefore, the first such newspaper that was to come out was neither in the language of the area where it originated, that is, Bengal, nor in the language that was still deeply entrenched in the soil and in the courts and other official dealings, Persian. It was in English. Within the space of a few years, many other local owned newspapers were on the scene. The first Urdu newspaper in the subcontinent was Jam-i-Jahan Numa appeared in 1822. Bengal also claims the rare distinction of being the home of the first Hindi newspaper as well, Qodunt Martund launched in Calcutta in 1826. Calcutta, which was first to fall under British colonial rule of the three English colonies other two being Madras and Bombay remained the most important and largest press centre during 19th century.
1.7 GROWTH OF MUSLIM PRESS IN SUBCONTINENT

The tempo of political agitation was quickened by the Muslim Press in particular in 1919 which set up new traditions of sacrifice. The Zamindar reappeared in December 1919; its circulation was 6145 in 1920. Another was Paigham by Abdul Kalam Azad from Calcutta in 1921 and Sabah by Qazi Abdul Ghaffar from Delhi. Al these newspapers made their contribution to the success of the non-cooperation movement. In 1922, the Press Act was withdrawn after the movement stopped under directive from Mahatma Gandhi.

The pro-league Muslim Press during 1924 1937 was spear-headed by the Muslim Outlook and Inqilab whose lead was accepted by Muslim papers all over the sub-continent. During 1938 1947 the Muslim press grew rather rapidly. A number of English language newspapers sprang up while Urdu Press too had new additions. Together with the old newspapers, they voiced Muslim political aspirations with still greater force and played the major role in mobilising public opinion in support of the Pakistan movement.

After the Lahore Resolution was passed, the Quaid-i-Azam sponsored a create Muslim Press campaign and collected funds for that purpose. He founded the Dawn in October 1942 as a daily from Delhi and placed it under a trust of which he was the Managing Trustee. Quaid-i-Azam also started Manshoor and Urdu daily from Delhi which was the official organ of the Al India Muslim League. This bright and fancy daily was edited by Syed Hassan Riaz.

HISTORY OF PAKISTANS NEWSPAPERS

When journalism crossed the borders of Pakistan, it had made considerable progress both intellectually and technically. Lahore had the distinction of having not only the oldest Paper in Punjab but that in the whole of Pakistan. It is ironical to note that there was no devoted and influential Press in Indo-Pakistan sub-continent to voice Muslim opinion during the days of struggle for independence. The majority of first class English dailies such as The Statesman, The Times of India, The Pioneer, The Hindu , The Bombay Chronicle and The Hindustan Times used to appear in Province which now apart of India. In Pakistan, Karachi at best could boast of three English newspapers. The Daily Gazette, The Sindh Observer and the Karachi Gazette all of them Hindu-owned. Peshawar had only one English newspaper, Khyber Mail, while Rawalpindi, Multan, Quetta, Sialkot and other big cities had none. In the Punjab, during the pre-Partition days, The Civil and Military Gazette and The Tribune were the most prominent English dailies.

As had been stated earlier, the territories now forming Pakistan were never the centre of prominent English dailies. The reason may be due to the political and educational backwardness of the majority of the Muslim population of these regions. The Muslim League could hardly have expected any positive contribution to its stand from these Papers. The founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam says, The role of newspapers in voicing and moulding public opinion cannot be over emphasised. The press has played an important role not only in the creation of Pakistan by mounding and expressing Muslim Public Opinion in support of the idea of Pakistan but, also in the development of this new state.

OBJECTIVES

This study has been aimed to investigate the following:

? To study the news-seeking patterns of the Academicians and administrators of AIOU readers with respect to the selected aspect namely gender, age, and qualification.
? To investigate the news-seeking patterns of the Academicians and administrators of AIOU readers with respect to the selected aspect namely selected medium of newspapers as well as their time of reading newspaper.
? To find out differences in news-seeking patterns among Academician and administrators of AIOU readers with respect to the selected aspects, namely purpose of reading newspapers i.e. reading newspaper for just gathering updated information, job hunting, entertainment , time killing etc.
? To find out differences in news-seeking patterns among academicians and administrator of AIOU readers with respect to the selectedg aspects, namely National and international affairs, educational, political, economics news, articles and editorials etc.

HYPOTHESIS

In this study the hypothesis is that:

? The Academicians are more interested in the news related to international and national affairs, articles, editorials, political and educational developmental news.
? The administrators are more interested in the area of national affairs, city news, political, job hunting, sports time-killing, etc.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the different patterns of news-seeking of academicians and administrators of Allama Iqbal Open University?

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The researcher should examine and analyze the news-seeking patterns of two groups i.e. academicians and administrators co mmunities. The researcher also discuss potential effects highlighting from print media i.e. newspaper. The specification of such effects should be contained within the hypothesis that link elements or concepts in each of the phases.

News is a form of communication. The present age is rightfully called age of information, observation, and reasoning revolution. (Pavlik, J. V., 1996). These revolutions began with the wish to remember important events or happening by writing them down. With a few scratches, our inventive ancestors set in motion the never ending story of recording information, the communication and the storage of knowledge outside the brain. Information, observation and reasoning are the main sources of human knowledge. Over ninety percent of our knowledge comes through this first source, i.e. newspapers.
LITERATURE REVIEW

It is understood that information needs arise when an individual finds himself in a problem situation, when he or she no longer can manage with the knowledge that he or she possess, (Talja 1992, P. 72). There are a lot of studies on mass media or mass communication throughout the world done but a few research studies conducted on news-seeking patterns throughout the world, and especially in Pakistan. The present study is significant not only for the newspapers industries and readers, but it is also important for educational point of view. This study will help to newspaper readers, media practitioners, academicians as well as administrators of different disciplines and planners of print media.

We, as individuals and groups, repeatedly find ourselves in situations where information is needed, gathered, sought, organized, retrieved, processed, evaluated, and used (Solomon 1996, P. 292). Reading of newspaper is part of daily routine for many consumers. The paper version provides tactile pleasure of turning pages and the portability of tucking the newspaper in a briefcase or book-bag for later or recycling it by leaving it on the break or breakfast table for someone else to enjoy. Newspaper, publication usually issued on a daily or weekly basis, the main function of which is to report news. Many newspapers also furnish special information to readers, such as weather reports, television schedules, and listings of stock prices. They provide commentary on politics, economics, and arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features, such as comics and crossword puzzles. In nearly all cases and in varying degrees, newspapers depend on commercial advertising for their income.

INFORMATION SEEKING

The close to topic of this research related researches made by the renowned researchers are given below:

Suriya, Sangeetha and Nambi (2004) carried out a research work on "Infor mation seeking behaviour of Faculty Members from Government Arts Colleges in Cuddlier District." The purpose of their study was to investigate, how faculty members seek information from the library. It mentions that most of the respondents 61 (38.12 percent) visited the library several times a week to meet their information needs. Regarding the type of search made by the respondents the majority of the respondents 91 (56.87 percent) made their search by subject.

Shokeen and Kushik (2002) studied about information seeking behaviour of social scientists working in the universities located in Haryana. They reported most of the social scientists visit the library daily. The first preferred method of searching the required information by the social scientists followed by searching through indexing and abstracting periodicals, and citations in articles respectively. The social scientists use current journals followed by books.

Challener (1999) investigated artists and art historians teaching in five liberal arts colleges and three universities. Results found that they need information for teaching. The participants almost all subscribe to art journals, and many read newspapers. They visit libraries frequently, usually more than one library, and unlike previous reports, the majority is willing to ask the librarian for help. A large percentage of both art historians and artists are using computers for teaching. All 27 participants use slides extensively in the classroom, supplemented in most cases by textbooks.

Reneker (1992) investigated the information seeking activities of 31 members of the Stanford University Academic community were examined over a two-week period during the 1990-91 academic year. She adopted the naturalistic approach and employed qualitative techniques for data collection using mainly personal interviews. Informants perception of their information environment expressed in positive terms and ther e a close relationship between knowledge, information, environment and the sources used. Information seeking embedded in the day-to-day activities and relationships of participants and triggered both by articulation of need and availability of information. A large number of needs are satisfied by the sources informants created or organized themselves and by interpersonal information sources. The findings of the study indicated that the action of information seeking originated from a wide variety of needs like personal, professional, entertainment, etc.

Althaus and Tewksbury (2000) wrote in his article Online News-seeking Patterns of first and second year college students: Academic research continues to show that online news users are not representative of the average rational voter. Althaus and Tewksbury's study of Online News-seeking Patterns of first and second year college students reminds us that those who seek news and information online are qualitatively di fferent from the general population. Not only do they have greater access to, and familiarity with, computer technology than non-Internet users, they also have different demographic and attitudinal profiles than the general adult population. "News habits developed within this community result not from an uneven social distribution of computer skills and access but, rather, from the unique needs that are better satisfied by on-line or traditional news media."

Daniela Lesley Evans (1978, p. 96) write in his article entitled A Critical Examination of Claims Concerning: The Impact of Print he wrote So much that we think of as characteristic of the modern world economic, social, religious, political is built on the foundation provided by newspaper as a medium of communication. From the sixteenth century it became impossible for the illiterate to obtain either wealth or influence, and this has largely occurred due to the invention of print as a medium of communication i n the fifteenth century. This had widespread consequences, allowing large numbers of copies of a work to be made rapidly. The further availability of information provided enabled greater scientific advancement as it meant that other peoples ideas were more readily available. Similarly the development of the printing press encouraged religious reform, as it was a major factor in allowing the writings of Erasmus, Luther and later Calvin to achieve high levels of circulation.

Febvre and Martin (1976, p. 278) It is safe to assume that printing makes knowledge accessible to all, although it needs to be accompanied with the necessary cultural and political conditions making literacy compulsory for all. However, this does not necessarily lead to a society that is much more knowledgeable than one that uses oral communication as its foundation. In a non-literary society, where information is conveyed orally, to avoid the information it is necessary to avoid the whole of s ociety. The only possible way by living a completely solitary life, by contrast, reading and writing are predominantly silent and solitary activities. Consequently, in a literary society, information is easy to avoid, simply by choosing not to read what is available.

USES AND GRATIFICATIONS MODEL OF THE MEDIA

The mass media is a huge phenomenon. Through the various different platforms, print or broadcast, the media is able to reach millions of people like no other force. Without media, powerful speeches by politicians would no affect, local events would remain local, and performances by great actors would be seen only by the people in the immediate audience. The media overcomes distances, and builds a direct relationship with audience.

The model looks at motives of the people who use the media, asking why we bother to read newspapers, why we find ourselves so compelled to keep up to date with our favourite soap.

Surveillance

The surveillance need based around the idea that people feel better having the feeling that they know what is going on in the world around them. One of the genres this often applied to news. By watching or reading news, we learn about what is happening in the world, and as the news is usually bad news, this knowledge leaves us feeling more secure about the safety of our own lives. This idea might seem a bit strange, that we know about tragedies and we feel safer, but sociologists argue that ignorance seen as a source of danger, and so the more knowledge we have the safer we feel.

When looking at the news it's easy to spot news items that give us this reaction. For example if it wasn't for watching the news we might be unknowingly left with five rupees notes that are worthless, or become vulnerable to the latest computer virus, or end up in a hospital with an awful track record also we have not knowledge about new world record in cricket which set by South A frican cricket team against worlds best team i.e. Australia. So, the surveillance models then all about awareness. We use the mass media to be more aware of the world, gratifying a desire for knowledge and security.

Using the Media within Relationships

Another aspect to the personal relationships model is how we can sometimes use the media as a springboard to form and build upon relationships with real people. The EastEnders strapline 'Everyone's talking about it', despite being a clever marketing tactic, does hold up when looking at social uses of the media. Having a favourite TV program in common can often be the start of a conversation, and can even make talking to strangers that much easier.

The Advantages and Limitations of Media

Texts need audiences in order to realise their potential for meaning. So a text does not have a single meaning but rather a range of possibilities which are defined by both the text and by its audienc es. The meaning is not in the text, but in the reading. (Hart 1991, 60)

Andrew Hart, many other theorists and researchers who identify and give value to the existence of audience in relation to the media. At the most basic level, audiences are vital in communication. It is for the audience that media constructing and conveying information, and, if it were not for the audiences, the media would not exist. The exact relationship between the media and their audiences has been the subject of debate since media were first seriously studied and emphasises the importance of audience and of their relationship with the media.

The Effects model is considered to be an inadequate representation of the communication between media and public, as it does not take into account the audience as individuals with their own beliefs, opinions, ideals and attitudes:

Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audie nce will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are. (Abercrombie 1996, 140)

A new approach to the dynamics of audience/text relationship was suggested in the Uses and Gratification model. In this model, theorists were not asking how the media effects audiences, but how were audiences using media. They suggested that audiences had specific needs and actively turned to the media to consume various texts to satisfaction of these needs. The audience in Uses and Gratifications were seen as active, as opposed to passive audience in the Effects model. Uses and Gratifications acknowledged that audience had a choice of texts from which to choose form and satisfy their needs, Bulmer and Katz (1974).

The model still implies that messages are packages of information that all audience will read same. It does not consider how he messages are interpreted or any other factors affecting audiences interpretation.

An other criticism is that of the tendency to concentrate solely on why audiences consume media rather than extending investigation to discover what meanings and interpretations are produced and in what circumstances, i.e. how media are received. (OSullivan, Dutton & Rayner 1994, 131)

In other words, media receivers want to use information in some way or to obtain satisfactions that they anticipate (Lowery & DeFleur, 1995).

A number of studies on audiences uses and gratification of various media (Berelson, 1949; Kimball, 1959, etc), early 1970s scholars in this area turned to audience motivations, developing typologies of uses people made of media to gratify social and psychological needs (Katz et al. 1973). Such typologies included such needs as strengthening understanding of self, friends, others, or society; strengthening status of self or society; and strengthening contact with family, friends, society, or culture (Lowery & DeFleur, 1995).< br />
It's likely has been found in the uses-and-gratification research from the West, that an individual uses media for different purposes at different times under different circumstances; and different people may seek different gratifications from media. A question for researchers is how to meaningfully and effectively categorize (typologies) those different needs and objectives.

According to Chang, Chen and Zhang study in (1993): Early studies of Chinese media focused on propagandistic and persuasive aspects of mass communication. Since mid-1880s, various social factions have used newspapers mainly as tools in their political struggles. The Chinese communists have always recognized value of mass media (Robinson, 1981). For example, the government has emphasized use of mass media for China's social, political, and economic development (Yu & Sears, 1996). As a powerful tool of opinion and perceptions, news media are supposed to unite the people, to eleva te their consciousness and spirit.

ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA

To keep abreast of what's happening in the world around us we need information. Without information we won't know a threat exists until it is too late. But just being offered information is not enough. We also need to be willing to take that information on board while there is still time to avoid threat.

Public information will be just one of many issues officials will have to address, and media are often perceived as being a nuisance or hindrance to response activities. However, it is essential that communicating with media is made a priority in any response planning because the media will be among first responders at the scene and will be a vital information mechanism for government bodies. The media will therefore share a significant amount of responsibility for relaying vital information to public. Although newspapers makes knowledge more accessible to all, and has had dramatic effec ts on our culture and society, it does not necessarily follow that a literate society is greatly more knowledgeable than a non-literate one.

NEWSPAPERS READERSHIP IN PAKISTAN

Newspaper publishers estimate that nearly six out of ten adults every day, and seven out of ten read a newspaper each weekend. By the time they seen; mostly people have already learned about breaking news stories on television or radio. Readers rely on newspapers to provide detailed background information and analysis, which television and radio newscasts rarely offer. Newspapers not only inform readers that an event happened but also help readers to understand what led up to the event and how it will affect on the world around them. Media scholar Philip J. Hanes (1996) wrote his article entitled The Advantages and Limitations Focus on Audience in Media Studies:

Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audience will h ave prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are. (P.140)

Veblen, (1994) wrote in his article entitled Newspaper Readership and Informational/Cultural Processing: Newspaper readership is an instance of cultural participation in regard to which information-processing. Reading newspaper is more straightforward form of information processing than various other cultural activities and at the same time choice of newspaper could scarcely count as very effective kind of status-oriented `conspicuous consumption' on account both of relatively low price even expensive newspapers and of the fact that reading likely to take place in privacy of home as in public. Consequently, evidence of a connection between newspaper readership and status, independent of information-processing capacity, would, for our present purposes of particular significance.

Most people read only one (daily) newspaper, at least on a regular basis. This mean s that we can here avoid complications that arise with forms of cultural participation, such as, say, listening to music, where there a wide variety of genres and an individual may have a range of preferences. As we noted above, such instances have of late given rise to debates over whether distinction of greatest relevance in regard to status is that between those participating in `high' as opposed to `low' (or popular) culture or that between cultural `omnivores' and `univores'.

According to Pakistan Readership Report (2002-03) issued by Gallup survey of Pakistan, newspaper readership ratio among adults (18 years+) is only 33% and among youth (10-17years) is 21%. Province wise this ratio is: for Punjab 31%, For Sindh 49%, for N.W.F.P. 25%, and for Baluchistan 28%. Among youth (10-17years), this ration is: for Punjab 16%, for Sindh 34%, For N.W.F.P 16% and for Baluchistan 19%. Apparently the situation is, to some extent satisfactory for Sindh province but this is due to high rate of readership in Karachi, which is among adults 69% and among youth 44% .By excluding Karachi, the ratio remains very poor for interior Sindh. The table and graph elaborate the province-wise ratio of newspaper readership in Pakistan.
Ratio of Newspaper Readership
Province Among Adults
(+18 Years) Among Youth
(10 17 Years)
Punjab 31% 16%
Sindh 49% (Karachi 69% &
Interior Sindh 29%) 34% (Karachi 44% & Interior Sindh 24)
N.W.F.P. 25% 16%
Baluchistan 28% 19%
Average 33 21


Newspaper readership and buyer-ship are two different concepts. Every reader is not a buyer of newspapers. One newspaper read by a lot person at homes, offices, shops and libraries. According to Pakistan Readership Report 2002-03 of the Gallup Survey, in Punjab 10.17 readers read one copy, while in Sindh this ratio is 5.57, in N.W.F.P this ratio is 8.47 and in Baluchistan this ratio is 13.98.9 Considering the economi c peculiarities and rural character of the region, it is understandable that the number of readers per copy in Baluchistan is substantially higher than the national average of 7.7 It is necessary to mention that after including the ratio of readership per copy in FATA/FANA and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, the national average of readers per copy is 7.7.

NEWS SEEKING PATTERNS

In general, the amount of news reading tends to increase with age, education, and administrative status. News reading increases very rapidly through the academicians and administrators. Summarizing reading patterns by education appears that readers on lower end of educational curve tend to use newspaper for entertainment, sensational news, and political. Newspaper readership often measured by quantifying a particular indicator of newspaper-reading activity, readership tends to be viewed far too simplistically.

Qamar (2002, p.18) said in his thesis of M.Sc. Mass Communication entitled The comparison of Different Newspaper Reading habits of Male & Female. His comparative study of different newspaper reading habits of men and women in Pakistan meant to find out that; to what extent newspaper reading habits differ from each other. The researcher wrote in his research study that women are interested in reading newspaper. It was found that 56 percent female readers read newspaper daily. The survey indicated that high percentage of women read newspaper although not more than men.

It is found that men spend more time for reading newspaper per day than women, as 40 percent men read newspaper more than an hour, while there are no women spend more than an hour for reading newspapers. Men read newspaper more than women in terms of reading large volume of newspapers material. Men like to read hard news while women like to read soft news.

According to Herald Media Survey (1997) in Scotland revealed in an article What they Read? The s urvey showed that newspapers are still popular with young teenager in Scotland. More than three quarters of boys said they spent on average ten minutes a day for reading newspaper with sports page being the most popular only 13 percent of boys read the whole newspaper. Although girls spend slightly less time for reading newspaper, they are reading more widely.

Media researchers Mehta and Paralikar (1999) investigated through conducting a study that news-seeking pattern of the selected media were studied in relation to spent time, news language, news area, kind of news and news aspects. The overall findings of their study revealed that majority of respondents described to two English newspapers, because those newspapers give complete news and have good coverage of events. Overall and sex wise newspaper used as medium for seeking news most frequently. The kinds of news sought through newspaper were political, social, health educational, etc. Highly significant diffe rences existed in the news-seeking patterns of female respondents with respect to spent time for seeking news, kinds of news and news aspects.

The kinds of news sought through this media with highest intensity indices were political, social, national and international current affairs, educational, sports, science, economics and business news. The other indices were headlines, detailed news, news briefs, articles, and editorials. The researcher conducted research on assessing the importance of news, to explore where news fits in daily life.

James (2004, p.34) Thus, we risk misunderstanding its true nature. As we become comfortable employing automatic processing with its focus on efficiency, we let our skills of meaning construction atrophy. With weaker skills, we come to depend more and more on the media to tell us what is important and who we should be. For centuries, getting access to information was a major problem for virtually all human. With rise of the mass media throughout the 20th century, the barriers to access were substantially reduced, especially with spread of Radio, Television and then Computer. Today, not only information easily available to almost anyone; information keeps getting produced at an ever increasing rate. The information problem is no longer about how to get access. The much more pressing problem is how to keep up with all the news-seeking patterns.

PRACTICAL USAGE OF NEWSPAPERS INFORMATION

Andersen says in his article entitled Communicating Information across Cultures: Understanding How Others Work published on September 2002. There are specific communications differences between scientists and humanists that are created by their information-seeking patterns. An excellent example of academics cultural differences in the field of information seeking and uses, information-seeking research looks at how individuals go about finding materials that they need in order to satis fy informational needs both professional and recreational. In the ethnographic experience of an unfamiliar worship service, an individual might gather clues about standing-sitting-kneeling through watching others, through listening for directions from an authority, or through written materials available somewhere in the place of worship.

The academicians of AIOU usually follow the patterns established by their peers, relying upon mentors in their fields to guide them in graduate school and early professional development. Differences of style come from both individualhis or her own personal traits, predispositions, and biases, and from training that he or she has received in a particular discipline. Thus, culture including ways of individuals seeks information passed on through apprenticeship and practice.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND NEWSPAPER

The relationship between education and newspaper readership is far from simple. First, newspap er readership correlates positively with information seeking, including information about civic responsibilities, and need for cognition, the pursuit of higher level reasoning. A body of research correlates interest in information about political, public policy and social issues to news seeking. For example, a panel study by Hugh Culbertson and others found that focused attention, interest and involvement in political issues correlated positively with news seeking. The study found that attention either to newspapers or to television news content predicted provide knowledge. However, the study of newspaper readers were more cognitively involved than television viewers.

Maxwell McCombs and Paula Poindexter found a positive correlation between the frequency of newspaper readership and perceived civic duty to keep informed. (Civic duty encompasses perceived obligation to vote and to support fundamental liberties, including free expression.) Similarly, in a comparison study of nonreaders, single newspaper readers and multiple newspaper readers conducted by Wayne Wanta and others, nonreaders demonstrated particularly weak motivation to use newspapers to understand events or to known informed about civic affairs.

One study found that highly educated are more tolerant of others' freedom of expression than less well-educated, regardless of whether the issue in question supported by left or right-wing groups. The same study found that increased cognitive sophistication was even more predictive of support for free expression than level of education alone. Other studies using cognitive variables such as need for cognition have produced similar findings.

Rather than examine the possible multi-faceted link between education on free-expression issues and news seeking, research has tended to focus on differences among newspapers that may explain differences in civic knowledge among and between readers and nonreaders. For examp le, one study suggests that "not all newspapers are created equal." The study measured differences in civic knowledge among readers of different types of newspapers and found that all newspapers may not benefit equally from increased interest in civic affairs among potential readers. Because readers tend to gather information about local affairs from local newspapers and information about national issues from metropolitan papers, the selection of news source was predictive type of civic affairs knowledge possessed by the reader. Therefore, desire for increased knowledge of national events would not be correlated with increased reading of local newspapers. However, research by Dan Drew and David Weaver found, to the contrary, that readers of local newspapers sought and were knowledgeable about both local and national civic affairs.

FACULTY MEMBER AND NEWSPAPER READERSHIP

Tak Wing Chan & John H. Goldthorpe (2004) writes their research article entitle d Social Status of Faculty Member and Newspaper Readership. They write an instance of cultural participation in regard to which the information-processing might be thought especially favoured news for newspaper readership. More straightforward form of information processing of newspaper reading than various other cultural activities and at the same time choice of newspaper could scarcely count as very effective kind of status-oriented `conspicuous consumption', on account both of relatively low price of even the most expensive newspapers and facts that reading at home to take place in privacy as compare in public.

Consequently, evidence of a connection between faculty member and newspaper readership, independent of information-processing capacity, would be our present purposes of the study. Most people read only one (daily) newspaper, at least on regular basis. This means that we can here avoid complications that arise with forms of cultural participation, such a s, say, listening to music, where there is wide variety of genres and an individual may have a range of preferences.

However, we see how far the association between faculty member and readerships status may be accounted by individuals' educational attainment serving as proxy for their information-processing capacity. Although all newspapers are available and read throughout UK, Scotland has it own broadsheets (Herald, Scotsman) and tabloids. Their readers are grouped with those who read other regional newspapers under Regional category, local and others.

It may be noted that control variables do have some significant association with newspaper readership. The significant coefficients for sex, being generally positive, indication that women more liking than men to fall into other readership categories than broadsheet reader, while those for age, being generally negative, indicate that older persons are more liking than younger ones to read broadsheets t han to fall into other categories.

The coefficients for income cannot be so straightforwardly interpreted but, as anticipation, they are in-fact less often significant, and especially when education brought into analysis. Scots appear less likely than others to read broadsheets, but this is probably an artefact due to omission of Scottish broadsheets in the response categories.

However, the effects of status and education are interesting variables of research study. Having demonstrated that there are strong and systematic association between faculty members status and newspaper readership, while status and class are clearly correlated in contemporary British society as status gradient runs, as it were, across the class structured status stratification within classes may still be quite extensive.

Today, the cultural level of lifestyle is chief way in which status expressed and recognised, then, since newspapers generally regarded as being cult urally stratified, the status of individuals should show a close relation to the type of newspaper that they read.

The probability of individuals reading high-brow broadsheets rises with status, and at an increasing rate; the probability of their reading low-brow redtop tabloids falls with status in more or less linear fashion; and the probability of their reading middlebrow tabloids first increases with status and then decreases.

We have, moreover, considered the possibility that more basic relationship exists between individuals' educational level, information-processing capacity, and their consequent preference for more or less demanding kinds of reading newspapers. We find that although education does indeed influence of newspaper readership and on lines that would be predicted under information-processing and education does not remove the effect.

The association between faculty member and newspaper readership persists within different levels of education. The information-processing can be reckoned as at least more immediately involved in reading newspapers that in many other forms of cultural participation, while choice of newspaper is not the most obvious vehicle of conspicuous consumption. The cultural level of newspapers readership does grooming their status within their community.

ACADEMICIAN AND ADMINISTRATIVE USAGE OF NEWSPAPERS

Everyone knows information is a form of power. Daily millions of peoples gain their knowledge of national and international affairs from the pages of newspapers all over the world. The Third World countries know this more than ever. That why they are calling for the establishment of new international information order and they feel this is just as urgent as the establishment of new international economic order.

All medium of communication play a main role in the field of information, but the print media plays a key role in focusing public att ention, and news patterns influence, public perception of important issues of the day. The academicians and administrators are main source of ideas about needy changes in the University structure and managements. Discretionary behaviour by academicians and administrators who deliver services characteristics of most studies by the implementation research.

The modern newspaper plays several roles for its readers. From the analysis of intensive interviews, the researcher has attempted to construct a typology of such roles, or functions, of newspaper. Obviously the types enumerated here, while discrete, are not necessarily mutually exclusive for any one newspaper reader. Undoubtedly, different people read different parts of the newspaper for different reasons at different times. A group of readers seem to use newspaper because it enables them to appear informed in social gatherings, thus the newspaper has conversational value. Readers not only can learn what has happ ened and then report it to their associates but they can find opinions and interpretations for usage and discussions on current affairs with colleagues.

The newspaper readers predispositions are involved in effects of reading in two ways. They condition the readers selection of publications and the condition of his interpretation of what he reads. Almost any phase of readers personality may be involved in reading experience. Their personal traits, subject interests, and reading ability may determine which accessible publications they would choose to read. The difference can be explained only by differences in predispositions which may be fundamental or merely a temporary mood. The same predispositions are often involved in both selection and interpretation of reading, but they need not to be. The reader may select their reading from one set of conditions and respond to it from a totally different set.

Their methods of reading, which may range from a h asty skimming to close analysis, naturally affect both their response to publication and its effects on them. The more highly educated readers are attracted to more mature newspapers because their wider intellectual experiences enable them to share publishers more mature attitudes in the life. As the central fact in most peoples lives, occupation has an important role in selection and interpretation of reading, its importance, of course, varies with their occupation. Occupational differences such as clearly revealed in many subject classifications of publications. Reader motivated by need for greater social security may seek to improve their status within their family or social class or may try to exchange their social class for another social class.

News-seeking Patterns of Academicians

According to previous researches of news reading habits academicians or University teachers are interested to read the news according to their professional status. The y want to read news of national and international affairs, educational, economics, editorial and article. They want to update their knowledge because they deliver a lot of lectures in the different institutions and topics.

Newspapers are most prominent media which are providing the current information to educationist according to their requirement. To produce well-informed citizens who can make their own judgements on the basis of available evidence. In so far as educationist deals with value judgements, it does so in the ways which encourage their students to explore the range of value judgements and to examine the sources of such judgements (including their own) and their effects. They seek to impose ideas on what constitutes good or bad through newspapers.

News-seeking Patterns of Administrators

The administrators use a wide variety of sources, both informal and formal, to obtain the needed information as do their colleagues in other coun tries. However, in addition to giving preference to human sources, as was found by Campbell (1997), they place more emphasis on the press releases. They seem to be more satisfied with the information that they receive from the sources that they prefer than those that they do not. It is interesting to note that these respondents are least satisfied with the print media.

The information gathered by these respondents appears to be mainly used for getting job opportunities, personal knowledge, and less so for preparing personality profiles, editorials, and columns. This was expected because a limited amount of items mentioned in the later group are actually needed and are written by a limited number of individuals.

There are some interesting usage patterns of administrators because administrative personalitys almost choose same news for reading like as academicians but some differences exist i.e. they give priority to; job hunting, sports politics, featur es and burning issues of the country. As compared to academicians administrators are spend a lot time regularly to read newspapers, might be have spare time for in-depth reading of newspapers.


DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

In this chapter the researcher analyzed the data in response of respondents awareness/knowledge, personal identification, and confirmation of their news-seeking patterns. The data on the News-seeking Patterns of academicians and administrators of AIOU were collected through a questionnaire which was designed for this study with the help of supervisor. Primarily, cross-tabulation and correlation coefficient statistical procedure was applied to investigate exposure of newspapers readership, their demography and news-seeking patterns dimension; viz Reading English/Urdu language newspapers, purpose of reading newspapers, national and international current affairs, editorials and articles, economics, health and sport news, educat ional development news, information seeking on political news, and reading newspapers supplements.

Theoretical frame work for all the variables of this study was based on Uses and Gratification model. The data was analyzed with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 12.0. Details of the data analysis are given below:

Table 4.1: Cross-tabulation of Professions Gender and
Age of the respondents

Professions Gender and Age Age of the respondents Total
30 to 40 41 to 45 46 to 50 51 & above
Academicians Gender of the respondents Male Count 22 15 1 10 48
% Age 64.7% 68.2% 50.0% 83.3% 68.6%
Female Count 12 7 1 2 22
% Age 35.3% 31.8% 50.0% 16.7% 31.4%
Total Count 34 22 2 12 70
% Age 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Administrators Gender of the respondents Male Count 14 14 10 20 58
% Age 73.7% 77.8% 83.3% 95.2% 82.9%
Female Count 5 4 2 1 12
% Age 26.3% 22.2% 16.7% 4.8% 17.1%
Total Count 19 18 12 21 70
% Age 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 4.1 shows the samples age of Academicians and administrators of the AIOU. The sample comprises the 50% Academicians and 50% administrators communities. As evident from the table, greater numbers of male Academicians 83.3% as well as male administrators 95.2% are falling in the age category of 51 and above. Whereas, the numbers of female Academicians 31.8% and female administrators 22% are falling in the age category between 41 to 45. Similarly, there is quite a good number of both Academicians and administrators falling in the young age category; i.e. 30 to 40 years.

To sum up, comparatively young male Academicians are working in the AIOU. However, the age group between 30 to 40 of female Academicians is younger than the age group of female administrators. Similarly, overall, there are young people ranging from the age between 30 to 50 employed in the U niversity.


Table 4.2: Cross-tabulation of Professions Gender and
Qualification


Graph 4.2 documents that there are greater numbers of both male and female Academicians having M. Phil and PhD qualification 68.5%. Whereas, the administrating positions are mostly having masters degree qualification 91.7%. Thus the Academicians community is highly qualified as compared to the administrators in the AIOU.


Table 4.3: Cross-tabulation of Professions Gender and
Reading Newspaper


Graph 4.3 refers to the reading habits of faculty members and administrators. As evident from the table both male academicians and administrators read newspaper very greatly. However, the female academicians are less inclined toward reading newspaper as compare to female administrators i.e. 63% and 83% respectively. The overall result shows that reading newspaper by the administrators is higher than the academician community.
< br />Table 4.4: Cross-tabulation of Professions Qualification and Reading Newspaper
Professions Qualification and Reading Newspaper Reading Newspaper Total
Yes No
Academicians Qualification of the respondents Master Count 21 8 29
% of Total 30.0% 11.4% 41.4%
M Phil Count 15 4 19
% of Total 21.4% 5.7% 27.1%
PhD Count 21 1 22
% of Total 30.0% 1.4% 31.4%
Total Count 57 13 70
% of Total 81.4% 18.6% 100.0%
Administrators Qualification of the respondents Master Count 39 6 45
% of Total 55.7% 8.6% 64.3%
M Phil Count 4 1 5
% of Total 5.7% 1.4% 7.1%





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由 Blogger 於 5/07/2012 02:09:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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It is often hard to find good sites for ipod MP3 Music is not always easy. Many sites just don't have the selection of MP3 music that would fulfill your needs. People have been downloading MP3 music to their Ipods for years and the number of sites for ipod MP3 music keeps on growing.

If you have been searching for ipod MP3 downloads and ways to get them there are many choices. With Ipod music downloads, there are more ways you can enjoy your ipod. You can listen to songs, watch movies, download pictures, play pod casts, and much more. Downloading music can bring hours of enjoyment and fun while traveling, relaxing or even while waiting for an appointment at the doctors office.

Some sites charge up to two dollars or more per ipod MP3 download. This can get quite expensive. I recommend you find a site that offers a one-time membership fee. These sites usually have unlimited downloads for life with a premium membership. This is almost like getting free ipod music. There are many sites out there to choose from. I have placed a banner and a link at the top of my site for the top rated site for ipod MP3 Music.

Most ipods come with a 2.5-inch screen for you to view. This works great using a small head set for sound. It is not bulky and you can watch your movie or music video from just about anywhere. Most sites will even offer your favorite TV programs from the major networks.

One of the coolest things that the ipod videos downloads can bring you is the option to download music videos. Now you can listen to your favorite music and watch the music video at the same time. The site at the top of my site offers over 100 million ipod movies, music videos, as well as MP3 Music. This gives you a lot to choose from.

The ipod site most recommended, is one were you can do all of your downloading for music, music videos, and ipod movie downloads. Their database has over 100 million movies songs and music videos to download and choose from. You can store the downloads on your pc and save them. Then I would recommend you upload different selections to your ipod as needed. Give yourself a change of pace from time to time.

Once your ipod music, movies, and music videos are downloaded to your pc, you can make DVD's and CD's or watch them from your computer or TV. You'll need software and hardware to do this. In order to create your DVD, you'll need to have a DVD burner on your pc. To watch either videos or play music you can choose from many different players on your pc. I recommend either windows media player or real player. They both work quite well.

This will give you the advantage to preview the ipod music and movies before you download them to your ipod. With over 100 million videos and songs to choose from you can have them with you now on your laptop and ipod. The ipod is an easy way to quickly watch and listen without all of the bulk of a laptop. If you haven't found a quality site, I highly recommend the unlimited ipod movie downloads site link at the top of my website.

When you find a good site like the one I have reviewed you can have all the ipod MP3 Music at your finger tips for years to come with out spending money over and over again.

Please visit some of my other sites Ipod Mp3 and Ipod Mp3 Downloads





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由 Blogger 於 5/06/2012 02:42:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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The Apple iPhone 4 is renowned for its multimedia capabilities. Apple has put together the perfect ecosystem for its users' multimedia content, incorporating iPod, iTunes and AppStore functionality. In this article I will take a look at the multimedia capabilities of this most popular of smartphones.

iTunes

Apple has very cleverly incorporated its iTunes software to make it an integral part of iPhone use. Users have to have the software installed on their computer to activate their phone in the first place. Once this is done, users will then invariable use this as their default music player. It allows user to create and customise playlists and arrange their music on their phone. iTunes also allows users to purchase music on both their computer as well as the handset itself, thanks to an iTunes application installed on the phone as standard.

iPod

The famous iPod music player has a built in application on the iPhone 4. This works hand in hand with the iTunes App, actually providing the music playback capabilities on the iPhone 4. The same as the software found on the popular iPod touch, it makes for a very interactive experience. With "coverflow" showing all your album art, you can seamlessly browse through these simply by swiping your finger across the screen and this will move through your music collection accordingly. Of course, just as with a standalone iPod, you are supplied with a pair of the iconic white earphones which of course allow you to listen to your music on the go. In my experience, the battery life is affected very little by music playback. This is often an issue with smartphone use, but with a full charge, the iPhone 4 can play music for many hours.

AppStore

Whether its multimedia or productivity applications you want, you are sure to find them within the realms of the AppStore. As the TV advertisement says, "there's an App for that", and when you browse the AppStore or search for a specific App, this seems quite accurate. With numerous categories, users can download games, utilities, productivity apps etc straight to the handset. Many applications are free, whilst some require payment before downloading can begin. This is done via your iTunes account which requires a pre-registered credit or debit card.

The multimedia capabilities of the Apple iPhone 4 are no doubt responsible for a large proportion of its success and popularity. We have seen it evolve and progress with each instalment of the iPhone franchise, so it is sure to be even more impressive when the new version, the iPhone 5 is released shortly.





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由 Blogger 於 5/05/2012 02:39:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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One of the major features of the iPhone is its ability to store and play your music library, just like an iPod would. For those of you who don't like spending the $.99 (or more) for each song you buy on iTunes, there are a plethora of music applications that should satiate your starving earbuds. Just by browsing the the iPhone Apps store, you can find these applications to play music without having to buy it.

Here are some iPhone App Reviews that will hopefully be helpful in your quest for the perfect music application.

Pandora

With Pandora, you choose what kind of music you like, and the application makes a radio station that matches your favorite genres and artists. Unfortunately, there is a skip limit (you can't skip more than a certain amount of songs that you don't like), but it displays album art and allows you to "like" or "dislike" a song with a thumbs up or thumbs down, respectively.

Last.fm

Also a radio-like application that suggests songs, artists, and albums that you might like, the application lets you choose songs to play at a later time and add them to your queue. The Last.fm is one of the most dynamic and in-depth music applications the iPhone app store offers.

Slacker

Slacker acts similarly to Pandora, with the "Heart" and "Ban" buttons for you to tailor your music selection more specifically. This interface is sleek, simple, and extremely easy-to-use displaying album thumbnails, with a few buttons at the bottom. Fast, great-quality music what more could you want?

Imeem

The most outstanding feature of imeem is that it taps into your existing music library and uses that information to recommend similar artists and songs that you might like. Other than that, the program is very similar to Pandora and the Last.fm.

Iheart radio

Iheart radio streams music from actual radio stations in the metropolitan area with less commercials and better sound quality than more FM radios. If you want to hear the most popular songs playing on the radio some usually lost from listening solely to your own iPod selections go back to the time before iPods and tune into the Top 40 of today.

Shazam

Ever ask yourself "What song is this?" when you miss the intro on the radio? Well Shazam should help you fix this problem. By holding your phone up to the source of the music and "tagging" the song, Shazam accurately tells you who sings the song, the title, the album artwork, and gives you links to share or even buy the song.

More iPhone Game Reviews like these will expand your knowledge base and give you some great options for how to improve your music listening techniques.





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由 Blogger 於 5/04/2012 01:05:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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Are mp3 audio books costly? Well, it's a tough question. What type of audiobooks - downloaded audio books, audiobooks on CD, or books on tape, which titles? And compared to what - the old fashioned book or to other audio titles? Let us examine the prices and then take a take a look at the factors that affect the price of mp3 audio books. Then, we will attempt to answer the question: Are mp3 audio books high-priced?

The costs of mp3 audiobooks vary from totally free of charge to up to 100$. In most instances, comparing the exact same mp3 audio books titles we got the following outcomes: books on tape (or mp3 audio books on cassettes) were the most pricey ones, Mp3 Audio Books on cd had a comparable price to the original old fashioned book and MP3 mp3 audio books or the cheapest ones.
You will find three major elements that affect the prices of the mp3 audiobooks:

1. Production costs - the production costs includes the labor and material prices. The labor in mp3 audio books consists of the recording of the reader's voice reading the book whereas inside the old fashioned books it consists of the printing of the book. The materials employed are a variety of - For an audio book on CD a CD is needed, for a book on tape a cassette is needed, for the old fashioned book a paper is required and surprisingly for an MP3 audio book you will find no materials needed.

2. Publishing costs - The publishing' costs are the same in all of the kinds of audio books - audio book on cd and books on tape. They all require space like the space needed to store the old fashioned book. Yet, once once more the MP3 audio book require no space at all.

3. Copy rights - The copy rights are the commission the author get for each book published. The s um of funds is the exact same of course for all kinds of books and mp3 audio books.

To sum up, in the event you have a MP3 player and if the book you might be seeking exist on an audio book, we advise you to get the MP3 version. It is possible to even get totally free MP3 players and download totally free audio books.





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由 Blogger 於 5/03/2012 01:25:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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Your iPhone is an amazing gadget that can be modified to do things that it is not actually built for. Even after the release of the unofficial hacks and tricks, there are dozens coming out weekly, making iPhone a complete smart phone for its users. Here is a compilation of some of the best hacks for your iPhone.

1. Build a Solar-powered iPhone Charger IPhone hacks have not even spared the charging of the iPhone. With the help of some equipment, you can create a solar powered charger for your iPhone. This can save energy in one case and it can also help you charge when you don't have any electricity access. There is a lot you can do with your iPhone.

2. Wireless Music Remote Music has now become one of the most essential part of fun. What could be better than the fact that you can turn your iPhone into a wireless music remote? With just a router, iPhone and a little step-by-step guide you can make your iPhone work as a Wireless Music Remote.

3. Using iPhone as a Wireless Router for your Laptop Internet access wireless can be made available on your iPhone. Your iPhone is a box of magical tricks and turning it into a wireless router can make your life easy and obviously wireless. You can easily connect the iPhone with your internet to make the wireless internet around your home available at your laptop.

4. Home Automation Using the iPhone and X10 Have you imagined automating your home with a device in your palms? IPhone has given this thought a chance to become reality. With the help of the step-by-step guidance, you can convert your iPhone, using X10, into a Home automation device.

5. RC Car Controlled Via the Web Remote controllable items were thought to be controlled only via remote in the limited area but iPhone has changed this thinking as well by allowing you to control your RC Car connecting via internet through your iPhone. The RC Car can be controlled even from a distance of 1640 feet.

6. Controlling a Car using your iPhone IPhone has not even spared things that are not even controllable with the help of a remote, but using the iPhone app and a little gadget attached to your car, you can control your car, even when you are not in it.

7. Make a Laser Matrix Projector for the iPhone Laser matrix projector is one more device you can convert your iPhone into. Using the iPhone app in combination with a little help from some devices, your iPhone can work as a Laser matrix projector.

8. View your Webcam on your iTouch or iPhone With the help of iPhone/iTouch apps, you can even view your webcams on your gadget.





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由 Blogger 於 5/02/2012 02:05:00 上午 張貼在 Usher Music About Space

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